Some changes (phenotypic, cytological, genetic) are observed in regenerants (de la Puente et al. However, this assumption is not always valid. Regenerants obtained by SE should be morphologically and genetically identical to the donor plant.
![formation xlstat formation xlstat](https://www.stat4decision.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ggplot2.png)
2004), the induction of SE with the use of zygotic embryos as explant is constantly practiced (Machczyńska et al.
![formation xlstat formation xlstat](https://cdn.xlstat.com/dist/assets/img/presentation.png)
Although, in the case of triticale, more emphasis seems to have been put on systems of androgenic embryogenesis to obtain plants that are doubled haploids (DH) (Oleszczuk et al. When it comes to the last two types of explants, embryogenic callus from immature embryos is more likely to produce somatic embryos than tissue grown from mature embryos (Vikrant and Rashid 2001). Successful induction of SE in triticale was first reported for immature inflorescence-derived callus cultures (Eapen and Rao 1985) and then in callus cultures obtained from immature (Zimny and Rybczyński 1985) and mature zygotic embryos (Padmaja et al. In vitro, culture methods allowing obtaining plants via the SE pathway have also been elaborated for triticale, a new, and synthetic crop with increasing importance for agriculture and plant breeding. Over 60 years of studies on the phenomenon of SE has led to developing protocols for plant regeneration for many species, including cereals. 2009), when somatic embryos are formed on the produced calli. Furthermore, depending on the mode, somatic embryo formation can occur either directly (without the callus phase) (Eudes et al. 2003) or carbon source (Ganesan and Jayabalan 2005) as well as the release of organic molecules by the explants into the culture medium (Nic-Can et al. 2008), condition of donor plants (Dahleen 1999), the composition of culture media (Dahleen and Bregitzer 2002), and especially type and concentration of growth regulators (Przetakiewicz et al. In addition, the success of plant regeneration through SE is also influenced by genotype (Fiuk and Rybczyński 2008), type and age of explant (Atak et al. 2010) or through appropriate growth regulators (Méndez-Hernández et al. Induction of SE can occur by acting on the explants with stress (Zavattieri et al. Somatic embryogenesis is the multi-step developmental process in which somatic cells of plant explants differentiate into bipolar structures known as somatic embryos. Plant tissue culture (PTC) methods take advantage of the induced plant cell totipotency, which finds its outstanding reflection in the phenomenon of somatic embryogenesis (SE). Accordingly, we think that altering the concentration of copper ions in the induction medium may throw off the equilibrium of the metabolic processes in which copper is involved, resulting in tissue culture-induced variation. However, it could not be connected to the duration of in vitro culture or the effect of silver ions. Lower copper ion concentrations showed the most variance. The CHG context had the most alterations, whereas CG experienced the fewest sequence variation predominated in each sequence context.
![formation xlstat formation xlstat](https://cdn.xlstat.com/media/post/0001/02/thumb_1387_post_large.png)
Different levels of variance were found in relation to various DNA sequence settings.
![formation xlstat formation xlstat](https://cdn.xlstat.com/media/feature/0001/01/thumb_47_feature_medium.png)
The high degree of variation (45%) revealed by the methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism approach for estimating variation included 38% DNA sequence alterations, 6% DNA demethylation, and 1% de novo DNA methylation. The level of tissue culture-induced variation in triticale regenerants was examined in the current study in relation to the concentration of copper and silver ions in the induction media as well as the length of time immature zygotic embryo explants were incubated on these media. Therefore, it is crucial to create efficient regeneration procedures and comprehend how medium components affect regeneration effectiveness or the degree of variation created in plant tissue cultures. Somatic embryogenesis is a plant regeneration method that can be exploited in tissue culture systems for a variety of tasks, such as genetic modification or the selection of somaclones with advantageous characteristics.